Dark Energy and Stories in Science

A few of weeks ago I attended a colloquium by Prof Brian Schmidt (Australian National University) here at the University of Heidelberg. Schmidt worked on one of the two major supernova type 1a projects in the 1990s that led to the finding that the Universe is accelerating, propelled by the mysterious driving force we now call Dark Energy. For this work he and fellow supernova hunters Adam Riess and Saul Perlmutter received the 2011 Nobel Prize for Physics. Nobel Prize winners always attract a good audience, and as the talk was advertised to the physics and astronomy departments, as well as the various research institutes around Heidelberg, the lecture hall was packed to the rafters.

It was a great talk with an excellent introduction to cosmology and dark energy for the non-cosmologists in the room. Then came the history of the supernova 1a research that led up to their now famous but unexpected discovery. It has all the ingredients for an entertaining and inspirational story: good guys and bad guys, competition at the telescopes, colourful characters, a bit of suspense, and a rather happy ending in Stockholm.

It reminded me of hearing for the first time about the life and work of some of the great scientists of the past – Newton, Galileo, Herschel, Hubble, Einstein, Bohr, Schrödinger… The science was cool, but it was the stories of personalities, rivalries, friendships, collaborations and conferences that got me hooked.

And Schmidt’s talk got me thinking: in 20 years’ time, what do I want my story to be? That may sound like I’m having a existential moment, but the further I go in my career the more I realise that creating a narrative to your work is incredibly important in science. Often research feels like chipping away at a dozen little problems  - a dataset here, a prototype there – that may or may not be related to the same questions.

To get the big jobs and the funding you have to be able to tie all those avenues together into a coherent plot, with yourself as the inevitable protagonist who saves the world, circa 2025. That takes intelligence and hard work, but also imagination and a bit of ego.

Perhaps the hardest thing about it is that your story is not just your own. As with everything in life, you don’t have perfect control. Funding climates change, people move, projects fail…. And who knows, maybe you’ll end up with a life outside of the office too one day? Even the perfect 10-year plan needs a rewrite every few years. So: intelligence, hard work, imagination, ego, lots of rewrites – and perhaps a live-in housekeeper. Easy right?

 

 

Science Online: The Good, the Bad and the Crazy

In 2010, astrophysics professor Pavel Kroupa at the University of Bonn – he of the stellar Initial Mass Function - published a paper in which he highlighted problems with the Standard Model of Cosmology (the so-called ΛCDM model, of which cold dark matter is a crucial ingredient), particularly in its predictions related to environments of large spiral galaxies. In a provocative move, he cited the discrepancies between the model’s predictions and observations as evidence that ΛCDM “doesn’t work”, and that we should explore alternative theories. One of these alternatives is Modified Newtonian Dynamics, or MOND.

In the months after the publication, the University of Bonn hosted a debate on this thorny subject between Kroupa and one of the architects of the ΛCDM framework, Simon White, Director of the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics in Garching. I thought this was an excellent idea, wrote a few blog posts about the matter and posted the live blog and video of the debate.

To those that read or watched the debate, it was clear that the two scientists don’t disagree in a fundamental way - ΛCDM has proved an extremely successful framework for cosmological structure formation, but the dwarf satellite problem is generally acknowledged. Kroupa’s most important point is that the community should not ignore those observables that don’t match the predictions of ΛCDM, and he encourages scientists not to get locked into a “cold dark matter” mindset, but to explore entirely novel theories, of which MOND is one example. This discussion has been expanded and illustrated further in a blog run by Marcel Pawlowski, a member of Kroupa’s group in Bonn, the Dark Matter Crisis, now hosted on SciLogs.com, which is run by Nature and the German edition of Scientific American.

[Read more...]

The Greatest British Innovation

What British innovation has had the biggest impact on our lives? And which British discovery is likely to revolutionise the world in the future? A vote on these topics is currently under way as part of the GREAT Campaign. It’s organised by the Science Museum, National Media Museum, Museum of Science and Industry, the National Railway Museum, Royal Academy of Engineering, Royal Society, British Science Association and Engineering UK. Today is the last day to vote and results will be announced tomorrow.

The list of past innovations is really fascinating – some I don’t know so much about, others I can’t even imagine life or society without them. I’ve been pondering what I would vote for all week, and I still can’t decide.

I’m naturally drawn to those in the physics/space/astronomy fields, such as

  • Jocelyn Bell-Burnell’s discovery of pulsars;
  • the prediction of Hawking radiation from black holes;
  • Rutherford’s discovery of the neutron;
  • the UCL-designed Photon Detector Assembly for the Hubble Space Telescope;
  • the prediction of the existence of anti-matter;
  • proving the existence of singularities;
  • testing Einstein’s theory of general relativity;

but then what about all those other amazing inventions that I couldn’t imagine living without?! There are a few listed that have played prominent roles in my own career in astronomy instrumentation, such as the development of carbon fibre composites. The topic of my PhD was the application of carbon fibre composites to the manufacture of deformable mirrors for aerospace and astronomy. The text lists mainly sporting applications of these materials, and Britain’s (past) dominance in the building of Formula 1 cars is indeed very cool. But CFC materials are now also heavily used in aerospace, including space-based satellites and instruments for astronomy, and we’re nowhere near the limit of what can be achieved with these versatile materials.

During my PhD again I made extensive use of finite element analysis, and I didn’t even know that the development of the finite element method came out of a British university, Swansea. Engineering without FEA is these days unthinkable, and the method is now routinely applied to very complex problems, from mechanical engineering to biomedical modelling.

And then I haven’t even considered all the biomedical discoveries and innovations! The structure of DNA, the discovery of the ATP enzyme, hip replacements, the first randomised controlled trials, and early work in the development of three major medical scanning techniques – ultrasound, computerised tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.

Finally near the bottom of the list is the one that possibly blows everything else out of the water: the World Wide Web. And it’s not even currently listed in the top 5!.Maybe I’m not enough of a car fan, but those who pick the design of the Mini out of this amazing list of discoveries are Missing a Point – just saying. One more day to vote! I really have to make up my mind now.

 

21 March: Planck Day

planck_microwave

The microwave sky as seen by Planck. Most of the signal originates in the Milky Way, the faint CMB pattern can be seen in the background.

A big day for science today, as at last we’ll find out some of the first cosmology results from the Planck telescope. Planck was launched together with the Herschel Space Telescope back in 2009, to perform an all-sky survey at microwave wavelengths. The survey will produce – or rather, has now produced – the most detailed and sensitive map of the Cosmic Microwave Background to date.

The CMB is essentially flat and constant all over the sky, but on closer (much closer) inspection, small fluctuations become visible. These tiny fluctuations, at the level of 1 part in 100,000 or so, are thought to be the precursors to the large scale structures we see today in the Universe – from the largest Galaxy clusters to individual stars.

Looking for and studying signals this faint is very involved and challenging work – a lot of foreground signal originating in our own Galaxy or those in the vast Universe around us have to be accounted for and removed. These “noise” was released to the community some time ago, so the rest of us could play around with the data for our menial star formation or galaxy clustering research. The Planck consortium have chosen not to release the real goodies, the cosmological results, until they felt confident about the results – which is apparently today. The level of “lockdown” and secrecy surrounding these results is quite unprecedented in astronomy as far as I know, and I’ve talked with many people who don’t agree with their chosen policy. “Open science” it definitely isn’t – but if anything, it’s a good way to ensure that your results will make a big splash on their release. However you feel about  the road the mission leaders chose, these scientists deserve their moment in the spotlight. I look forward to seeing the exciting new results!

ESA is hosting a media briefing at 10 am this morning, and an open session will take place from 14:00 to 15:45 (CET) this afternoon. You can watch it live on ESA’s webpage, here.

Comet PanSTARRS over Germany

Comet PanSTARRS over Mannheim, as seen from the roof of MPIA (Carolin Liefke/Haus der Astronomie)

Comet PanSTARRS over Heidelberg and Mannheim, as seen from the roof of MPIA (Carolin Liefke/Haus der Astronomie)

Some of my first astronomy-related memories are the spectacle of comets Hale-Bopp and Hyakutake gracing the night sky in the mid-90s. With their bright cores and long fanned tails, comets make for excellent viewing. At the moment, we have a new comet cruising the skies, called PanSTARRS, after the Hawaiian telescope whose images led to the comet’s discovery in 2011. PanSTARRS is currently near its perihelion, visible with the naked eye from our climes.

More dedicated astronomers than myself, or rather those who did not spend 24 hours at Heathrow airport in the last few days, took to the roof of our institute and got this lovely picture of the crescent Moon and the comet, faint but clearly visible, over the neighbouring cities of Heidelberg and Mannheim. Even without PanSTARRS this picture would be worth sharing! It wasn’t quite visible with the naked eye but easily captured with some decent equipment.

You can find more pictures via Phil Plait’s article on Slate, or this visibility guide at Sky & Telescope.